Items from the Western Qarakhanid Khaganate
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Islamic state (in Arabic, ad-dawlah al-islamīyah) is a kind of government (monarchy, republic or democracy) based on Islamic religious law. The Caliphate is a form of monarchic government headed by the Caliph (in Arabic, khalīfa) who is the regent, acting as successor of Muhammad. Second in command after the Caliph, with political and military roles, is the Emir (in Arabic, amīr) literally a "commander". Another sovereign title used by numerous Arab and non-Arab dynasties is the Sultan (in Arabic, sulṭān, "strength", "authority") supreme head of Sunni Islam and ruler in the Ottoman Empire. Arab Bedouin, led by the Prophet Muhammad, starting from 7th century with the Islamic expansion, conquered a huge territory, divulgating or converting different peoples, and continued until the 18th century thanks to the Ottoman and Mughal Empires. After Muhammad's death, the first Caliphate was established. During this first Caliphate, called the Rashidun Caliphate (in Arabic, Khilāfat al-Rāshidūn "Caliphate of the Orthodox") that spanned from 632 to 661, the Umma was governed by the four chosen Caliphs: Abū Bakr, marUmar ibn al-Khattāb, ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān and ʿAlī b. Abi Tālib. The "Orthodox" Caliphate was replaced by the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) which was governed by the Umayyad dynasty (in Arabic, al-'Umawiyyūn or Banū'Umayya "Sons of Umayya"), coming from Mecca. After toppling the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid revolution, the Abbasid Caliphate (in Arabic, ʿAbbāsiyyūn) was established and lasted from 750 to 1258. The culmination of the Abbasid power was under Hārūn al-Rashīd. His life and fabulous court have been the subject of many anecdotes; the famous tale "One Thousand and One Nights" contains many stories inspired by the myth of his magnificent court. The Fatimid Caliphate (in Arabic, Fāṭimiyyūn) constituted, between 909 and 1171, the most important Ismaili Shiite dynasty in the whole history of Islam and owes its name to the descent from Fātima bt. Muhammad, daughter of the prophet Muhammad. In the mid-11th century, the Seljuks won over the Fatimids in Syria and the loss of Palestine followed, after the Crusades and Saladin's victory in Egypt, marking the end of the Arab empire and the beginning of the new Ayyubid dynasty. After the destruction of the Abbasid Empire by the Mughal Dynasty, the Ottoman Empire came to power. In 1453, it conquered Constantinople, renamed it Istanbul and made it the capital of the empire. Today there are about 1.1 billion Muslims and, not only being Arab, Islam is represented in many major cultures in over 60 countries.
Western Qarakhanid Khaganate (1041-1212):
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Dinar (840-1212)
60 Fals / Mangir = 1 Dinar = 1 Ashrafi - 1 Dirham / Jital = ⁷⁄₁₀ Dinar
1 Fals - Nasr ibn Ibrahim (Bukhara; broad fals) ND (1068-1080)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Copper • 4.85 g
Album Islamic# 3367, N# 386482
1 Fals - Khidr Hakan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (Uzkand) ND (1080-1081)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Copper • 6.40 g • ⌀ 36 mm
Album Islamic# cf. 3369, N# 386490
1 Fals - Ahmad ibn Khidr (Samarqand) 480 (1087)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Copper • 1.90 g • ⌀ 22 mm
Album Islamic# cf. 3370, N# 386491
1 Fals - 'Imad al-Dawla Mahmud (Bukhara) 490 (1097)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Copper
Album Islamic# 3372, N# 386502
1 Fals - Muhammad ibn Sulayman (Samarqand) ND (1102-1129)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Copper • 2.35 g
Album Islamic# 3374, N# 386492
1 Fals - Ahmad ibn Muhammad (Samarqand) ND (1129-1130)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Copper
Album Islamic# 3375, N# 386503
1 Dirham - Shu'ayth ibn Ibrahim (Nawkat) 452 (1060)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Billon
Album Islamic# 3363, N# 386489
1 Dirham - Ibrahim ibn Nasr (Akhsikath) 455 (1063)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Billon • 4.04 g
Album Islamic# 3328, N# 386483
1 Dirham - Da'ud ibn Ibrahim (Uzkand) ND (1066-1068)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Billon
Album Islamic# 3364, N# 386499
1 Dirham - Toghan Khan 'Ali ND (1068-1069)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Billon
Album Islamic# 3368, N# 386500
1 Dirham - Yusuf ibn Burhan al-Dawla (Quz-Urdu) ND (1068-1069)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Billon
Album Islamic# 3365, N# 386501
1 AE Dirham - Mahmud III ibn Muhamad (Samarqand) ND (1136-1142)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Copper
Album Islamic# 3392, N# 386504
1 AE Dirham - Ibrahim ibn Muhammad (Bukhara) 541 (1146)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Copper • 2.46 g
Album Islamic# 3394, N# 386484
Dirham - Mas‘ud ibn Hasan ND (1161-1171)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Billon • 2.77 g • ⌀ 28 mm
Album Islamic# 3398, N# 353219
1 AE Dirham - Muhammad ibn Mas'ud (Samarqand) 573 (1177)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Copper • 3.66 g
Album Islamic# 3401, N# 386485
1 AE Dirham - Rukn al-Din Muhammad (Samarqand) 573 (1177)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Copper • 3.39 g
Album Islamic# 3401A, N# 386486
1 AE Dirham - 'Abd al-Khaliq (Samarqand) 574 (1178)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Copper • 3.34 g
Album Islamic# 3401T, N# 386487
1 AE Dirham - 'Uthman ibn Ibrahim (Samarqand) 605 (1208)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Copper • 7.45 g
Album Islamic# 3409, N# 386488
1 Dinar - Muhammad ibn Ibrahim (Samarqand) 482 (1089)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Gold • 4.42 g • ⌀ 23 mm
Album Islamic# 3371, N# 386493
1 Dinar - Mahmud ibn Husayn (Samarqand) 553 (1158)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Gold • 2.95 g
Album Islamic# 3395, N# 386449
1 Dinar - Ibrahim ibn Husayn ND (1188-1193)
Coins › Standard circulation coins
Gold • 3.16 g
Album Islamic# 3405, N# 386481
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